激动髓样细胞-2触发受体减轻围术期神经认知障碍

【摘要】 目的 研究髓样细胞 2触发受体（TREM2）是否参与成年小鼠手术诱发的围术期神经认知障碍（PND）。方法 将20只雄性野生型C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组和手术组各10只，在手术前24小时对小鼠进行恐惧条件训练，恐惧条件测试（FCT）分别在术后1、3和7天进行,并采用旷场实验评估小鼠的运动能力。在最后一次行为评估后，将动物处死进行Western blot检测TREM2的表达。将40只小鼠随机分为对照组、手术组、Hsp60+手术组和TREM2 siRNA+HSP60+手术组，每组各10只。手术前30分钟将TREM2 siRNA立体定向注射入侧脑室。选择性TREM2受体激动剂HSP60，在麻醉苏醒后立即腹腔注射5μg/小鼠，按前述方法每24小时注射一次，连续7天，在手术前24小时对小鼠进行恐惧条件训练，FCT分别分别在术后1、3和7天进行,并采用旷场实验评估小鼠的运动能力。在最后一次行为评估后，一半小鼠（n=5）用于Western blot和ELISA分析，另一半（n=5）用于免疫荧光检测。结果 在异氟烷麻醉下对成年C57BL/6小鼠行胫骨骨折髓内固定术，发现该手术不会损害小鼠的运动能力，但会恶化学习和记忆功能，并降低TREM2表达。通过使用选择性TREM2激动剂HSP60，发现TREM2在小鼠脑海马组织中的表达明显增加，从而改善了学习和记忆，并减轻了小鼠的神经炎症反应。TREM2 siRNA消除了HSP60诱导的TREM2表达的增加，并逆转了HSP60诱导的小鼠学习和记忆功能以及小鼠脑神经炎症水平的改善。结论 TREM2的上调可能与减轻神经炎症和改善学习记忆功能有关，并减少PND的发生。     

Acute exercise-induced glycocalyx shedding does not differ between exercise modalities,but is associated with total antioxidative capacity

ObjectivesRegular physical exercise is known to protect endothelial integrity. It has been proposed that acute exercise-induced changes of the (anti-)oxidative system influence early (glycocalyx shedding) and sustained endothelial activation (shedding of endothelial cells, ECs) as well as endothelial-cell repair by circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs). However, results are not conclusive and data in trained participants performing different exercise modalities is lacking.DesignEighteen healthy, well-trained participants (9 runners, 9 cyclists; age: 29.7 ± 4.2 yrs) performed a strenuous acute exercise session consisting of 4 bouts of 4-min high-intensity with decreasing power profile and 3-min low-intensity in-between.MethodsAverage power/speed of intense phases was 85% of the peak achieved in a previous incremental test. Before and shortly after exercise, total oxidative and antioxidative capacities (TAC), shedding of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, ECs, and circulating HPCs were investigated.ResultsTAC decreased from 1.81 ± 0.42 nmol/L to 1.47 ± 0.23 nmol/L post-exercise (p = 0.010) only in runners. Exercise-induced early and sustained endothelial activation were enhanced post-exercise- syndecan-1: 103.2 ± 63.3 ng/mL to 111.3 ± 71.3 ng/mL, heparan sulfate: from 2637.9 ± 800.1 ng/mL to 3197.1 ± 1416.3 ng/mL, both p < 0.05; hyaluronan: 84.3 ± 21.8 ng/mL to 121.4 ± 29.4 ng/mL, ECs: from 6.6 ± 4.5 cells/μL to 9.5 ± 6.2 cells/μL, both p < 0.01; results were not different between exercise modalities and negatively related to TAC concentrations post-exercise. HPC proportions and self-renewal ability were negatively, while EC concentrations were positively associated with circulating hyaluronan concentrations.ConclusionsThese results highlight the importance of the antioxidative system to prevent the endothelium from acute exercise-induced vascular injury – independent of exercise modality – in well-trained participants. Endothelial-cell repair is associated with hyluronan signaling, possibly a similar mechanism as in wound repair.     

构建靶向血管内皮生长因子受体2可调控活性的嵌合抗原受体T细胞及其体外功能验证

目的构建靶向血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)可调控活性的小分子门控嵌合抗原受体T(smgCAR-T)细胞系统并在体外验证其抗肿瘤和可调节活性。方法采用基因全长合成和磷酸钙转染法构建smgCAR-T及其阳性(CAR+-T)和阴性(CAR--T)对照细胞。同时构建表达VEGFR2的小鼠结直肠癌细胞(MCA38VEGFR2+)。验证并筛选构建成功的细胞后再体外验证CAR-T细胞靶向结合能力。在不同的效靶比下检测白细胞介素-2和肿瘤坏死因子-γ的浓度来评估CAR-T细胞的体外分泌功能,用乳酸脱氢酶浓度评估CAR-T细胞的体外抗肿瘤活性。组间的比较采用t检验或单因素方差分析。结果基因测序和流式细胞术证实CAR-T细胞和靶细胞构建成功。与对照组比较,CAR+-T细胞+MCA38VEGFR2+组具有最强的靶细胞杀伤能力。在smgCAR-T细胞+MCA38VEGFR2+组中,随着C16-(S)-3-甲基吲哚雷帕霉素(Rapalog)滴度升高靶细胞杀伤率逐渐升高;当Rapalog为40 nmol/L时杀伤率达到最大值,为(66.25±13.20)%。分别向smgCAR-T细胞+MCA38VEGFR2+细胞组(A和B组)加入40 nmol/L的Rapalog后,在24 h时可观察到两组杀伤率出现同步升高[(44.25±6.24)%比(49.25±5.56)%,t=1.197,P>0.05],差异无统计学意义。在置换培养基后,再次添加了Rapalog的A组中观察到靶细胞杀伤率升高明显;而未再次添加Rapalog的B组中靶细胞杀伤率升高缓慢;此时,A和B组杀伤率差异有统计学意义[(89.00±3.16)%比(56.50±6.61)%,t=8.873,P<0.01]。结论构建的smgCAR-T细胞在体外展现出一定的抗肿瘤活性,且其活性受小分子化合物Rapalog的可逆调控。     

Zinc deficiency leads to reduced interleukin-2 production by active gene silencing due to enhanced CREMα expression in T cells

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Pleomorphic mastocytoma associated with loss of chromosome 5, PDGFRA,and HRAS mutations: A case of cutaneous mastocytosis with severe atypia and indolent behavior

A 21‐year‐old female presented with a 5‐year history of an erythematous papule on her right breast. The biopsy showed a dense, dermal nodular infiltrate, extending focally into the subcutaneous tissue. The infiltrate was composed predominantly of pleomorphic cells with bi‐lobed, multi‐lobed, horseshoe, or ring‐shaped nuclei. There was a smaller subset of monomorphous cells characterized by a round, reniform, or elongated single‐lobed nucleus. Accompanying cells included few foamy histiocytes, lymphocytes, and numerous scattered eosinophils. No necrosis, vascular invasion, or ulceration was present. The pleomorphic and monomorphic granular cells were positive for Giemsa stain as well as for tryptase, CD117, CD68, CD2, and CD30 immunohistochemistry and negative for S100, CD1a, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and CD56. Clinical examination was negative for any additional similar lesions and serum tryptase was within normal limits. The bone marrow was not biopsied. In addition, fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed multiple clones with loss of number 5 chromosome and PDGFRA and HRAS mutations. The lesion did not recur or progress after a 6‐year clinical follow‐up. To our full knowledge, we report the first case of pleomorphic mastocytoma with loss of chromosome 5 and PDGFRA and HRAS mutations.     

Infiltrated regulatory T cells and Th2 cells in the brain contribute to attenuation of sepsis-associated encephalopathy and alleviation of mental impairments in mice with polymicrobial sepsis

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) increases not only morbidity and mortality but has been associated with long-lasting mental impairment after hospital discharge in septic patients. Recently, studies have shown that these mental impairments are caused by infection-induced neuroinflammation. However, the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of SAE and mental impairments remains unclear. Thus, in this study, we aimed to clarify how immune cells, especially T cells, influence the development and recovery of these disorders. In the cecal slurry (CS)-induced septic mouse model, we performed three different kinds of behavioral tests, open-field test, marble burying test, and forced swimming test, and observed anxiety-like behavior in septic mice. Additionally, increased interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 expression levels, and infiltration of neutrophils and T cells were examined in the brain of septic mice, 10 days after sepsis onset. Twenty days after sepsis onset, the septic mice could recover the number of astrocytes. At day 30, expression levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α returned to normal levels in the cerebral cortex of septic mice. Interestingly, resolution of neuroinflammation and alleviation of depression were delayed in septic mice treated with FTY720, which inhibits sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-dependent lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes. On analyzing the brain T cells with or without FTY720 in septic mice, the FTY720 untreated mice presented increased regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th2 cells in the brain, whereas the FTY720 treated mice demonstrated increased Th17 in the brain at day 30. Furthermore, in FTY720 treated septic mice, the number of astrocytes in the cerebral cortex remained reduced at day 30. These results suggest that infiltrated Treg and Th2 cells contribute to the attenuation SAE and alleviate SAE-induce mental disorder by resolving neuroinflammation in the chronic phase of sepsis.     

Anti-tumor and Phenotypic Regulation Effect of Matrine on Dendritic Cells through Regulating TLRs Pathway

Objective: To investigate the effects of matrine on antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs), and to explore the pharmacological mechanism of matrine on anti-tumor effect. Methods: Different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 μ g/mL) of matrine were co-cultured with DCs, the harvested DCs were co-cultured with antigens of Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells, and then DCs and T cells were co-cultured to produce DCs-activated killer (DAK) cells, which have significant tumor-killing activity. The expression of cytokines, mRNA and protein of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in DCs were detected by enzyme linked immunosobent assay, polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. And the killing effect of DAK were measured by MTT assay. Results: Matrine significantly increased the mRNA expression of TLR7, TLR8, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF-6) and Iκ B kinase (IKK), as well as the protein expression of TLR7 and TLR8, and up-regulated the levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ), meanwhile, it also increased the expressions of MHC-Ⅱ , CD54, CD80 and CD86 in DCs. DCs-activated effector T cells had significant tumor-killing activity. When the concentration of matrine was more than 4 μ g/mL, all indices had significant difference (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Conclusion: Matrine plays an anti-tumor role by regulating TLRs signal transduction pathway, promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and enhancing immune function.     

Unusual multiloculated serpiginous ganglion of the foot

Ganglions are cystic lesion more commonly seen around the wrist joint. Gangliomas of plantar aspect of the foot are rare. We have presented a case of an unusual serpiginous ganglioma of the plantar aspect of the foot. Less literature is available regarding plantar foot gangliomas. The treatment is challenging because of occurrence of the lesion at weight bearing zone. Available options for treatment includes conservative with splint, intralesional injection,arthroscopic excision and open excision.